Business

Inflation at 14-month low, but how do they know?

Of all the economic indicators out there, the consumer price index is probably the most pervasive, influencing everything from interest rates, to wage increases, to tax brackets. Ever wonder how Statistics Canada compiles all that data?

Falling prices. Rising prices. Ever wonder how CPI is calculated by StatsCan?

How is inflation calculated?

10 years ago
Duration 2:13
CBC's Peter Armstrong explains how StatsCan tabulates Canada's inflation rate every month

Canadians have historically had a hard time squaring the consumer price index with the sense that prices everywhere are inexorably on the rise. But in a sense, that’s why the index is so important.

Of all the economic indicators out there, the CPI is probably the single most pervasive of them all. It not only tracks how much we are paying for goods and services, it influences everything from pensions to tax brackets, from interest rates to wages.

We are fighting against a moving target. We always have to be adapting.- Richard Evans, Statistics Canada's CPI program

Canada's inflation rate fell to its lowest in more than a year this January, Statistics Canada said Thursday. From this time last year, the CPI rose just one per cent.

On a seasonally adjusted, month-to-month basis, prices actually fell 0.2 per cent. That said, core inflation which excludes the most volatile components, most notably gasoline, rose 2.2 per cent.

Those numbers may seem counter-intuitive to many consumers.

The CPI has been compiled in some form or another since 1914. Today, the process of gathering prices and comparing them to historical trends is enormously complex.

"The thing just won't stand still, keeps moving, purchasing patterns change, the products people buy change," says Richard Evans, director of the CPI program at Statistics Canada. "The characteristics of the products change. We are fighting against a moving target. We always have to be adapting."

Top-secret price collection

To fight that moving target, Statistics Canada has a team of 100 "interviewers" across the country, people like Vida Adams, whose full-time job is tracking prices.

We asked if we could tag along with Adams as she checked the prices, but the federal agency refused. The data collection, the agency said, is top secret; if the public knew where she was gathering her prices, well, they could anticipate what the CPI would be. So, we met her halfway, and brought Adams a bunch of household goods and asked her to show us how it's done.

We all feel like prices are rising faster than Statistics Canada says they are. It's Adams's job to look past emotion and figure out what actual prices of individual items are doing day to day and month to month.

The price of gasoline went down in January, but according to Statistics Canada's army of price checkers, prices for things like jewelry increased. (Alexander Zemlianichenko/Associated Press)

She finds the same brand of the same product, in the same store, at the same time, every month. Checking to see: Is product offered a little smaller, a little bigger? Is it any more or less expensive?"On average, we do about 220 items every month, literally going up and down each aisle," says Adams, a sprightly woman based in Toronto.

And it really is a moving target — paper towels may be cheaper, but the package is slightly smaller. That gets marked down.

"Our interviewers have to think about that all the time. Because it was chips, then it was cookies and now it's almost everything has changed sizes," Adams says. "The latest, one of our interviewers pointed out, is teabags. It's still 72 bags, but the number of grams have changed. We have to be very careful to record that."

It's not just groceries, Adams checks the prices on clothing, auto parts and even funerals.

It never stops

Day after day, month after month, she tracks the restless movement in prices, sizes and packaging. After years at this, Adams admits, she has become a pretty wily consumer herself.

"People always ask questions about where they can find something. I usually say, 'I'm with Statistics Canada, I don't work here ... but Aisle 2,'" she says with a smile.

Some of the bigger items that have a big weight because you're spending a lot of money on them, even if it's not that often, if they're declining in price, that can offset a smaller but consistent increase in gasoline that you're buying on a regular basis.- Benjamin Reitzes, BMO senior economist 

All told, Adams and 99 others compile about 85,000 prices each month. The data are shipped back to a central server in Ottawa. The numbers are crunched by a computer, then poured over by statisticians.

The prices aren't the only things in constant motion. The Statistics Canada team is constantly changing its weighting system (what has more statistical importance: a shoe or a car?) and the basket of goods the interviewers are tracking. This month, the agency updated the basket for the first time in two years.

Crunching the numbers

All that information is crunched and at the end of the process, the CPI is released — as it was Thursday — indicating whether inflation is rising or falling.

It is an enormous, ongoing, statistical undertaking that has been going on, in some capacity, for 100 years. And yet, Evans notes, just about everyone says Statistics Canada is getting it wrong.

"I hear it from my dad. He says, 'Inflation couldn't possibly be running at two per cent.... you're doing something wrong over there."

BMO senior economist Benjamin Reitzes says: "It's a persistent problem. I get the same question,"

He explains that the price of many of the smaller things we buy on a day-to-day basis are in fact rising. But he says that's why Statistics Canada's weighting system is so important. The system is built to factor in all prices, including bigger items that may cost a bit less every year, Reitzes says.

"You don't really buy furniture very often, you don't buy computers very often, you don't buy cars very often. So, some of the bigger items that have a big weight because you're spending a lot of money on them, even if it's not that often, if they're declining in price, that can offset a smaller but consistent increase in gasoline that you're buying on a regular basis."

We are now in an era of low inflation. The Bank of Canada has warned we may even be headed into a short period of deflation or declining prices. So, in the months ahead, the CPI will be watched more closely than ever.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Peter Armstrong

Senior Business Reporter

Peter Armstrong is a senior business reporter for CBC News. A former host of On the Money and World Report on CBC Radio, he was previously a foreign correspondent and parliamentary reporter for CBC. Subscribe to Peter's newsletter here: cbc.ca/mindyourbusiness Twitter: @armstrongcbc