What 'running out of water' could actually mean for Calgary
Ominous warnings put water conservation in spotlight for residents, businesses, fire crews and hospitals
UPDATE: Calgary declares state of local emergency over catastrophic water main break
As Calgary enters its second week of water restrictions, and critical supply issues following the rupture of the city's largest water main, citizens have been inundated with messaging about water conservation.
Officials continue to warn residents that Calgary could run out of water if the effort to conserve water isn't their first priority.
"Calgarians, I need you to do more. And I know that's frustrating for you to hear, but there is still a real threat that we could run out of water," said Calgary Mayor Jyoti Gondek Thursday.
And on Friday, the mayor reinforced the message.
"If our water usage continues to trend up and our water supply can't keep up, the taps will run dry at some point."
These are warnings that some residents will find ominous, or possibly even dystopian, and it puts the issue of water conservation directly in the spotlight.
But what could running out of water actually look like in Alberta's largest city?
One expert says the warnings aren't necessarily about running out of water, but instead about the pressure needed to move water through Calgary's large underground network of pipes.
It could have serious implications for emergencies, such as fighting fires and water access in hospitals, if taps run dry.
Tricia Stadnyk, Canada Research Chair in hydrologic modelling and professor with the University of Calgary's Schulich School of Engineering, says it's really the city's treated water supply that's at risk right now.
"I know it's a big mystery to people that aren't familiar with water distribution or water supply, but it does highlight some of the vulnerabilities — things that we take for granted every day as Canadians," said Stadnyk.
Time and time again, the city has been reminding Calgarians that crews are working 24/7 to get the near 49-year-old pipe back online.
The section of the feeder main that is being replaced is roughly seven metres long (23.5 feet), and the massive labour-intensive repair process isn't a simple fix. And it's further complicated by the discovery of five additional "hot spots" that also require fixing — repairs that could take another three to five weeks, the city said Friday.
"Our experts say this is the most dramatic and traumatic break of a feeder main they have ever seen. This pipe is only at the halfway point in its life cycle. From all accounts, this should not have happened, but it did," said Calgary Emergency Management Agency (CEMA) Chief Sue Henry on Friday afternoon.
But in order to make sense of how this major break has impacted Calgary's treated water supply, it's important to understand the ways in which water moves through the city.
How the system works
Calgary has two water treatment plants:
- The Bearspaw Water Treatment Plant, which draws water from the Bearspaw Reservoir on the Bow River.
- The Glenmore Water Treatment Plant, which draws water from the Glenmore Reservoir fed by the Elbow River.
Built in 1975, the Bearspaw south feeder main, which is 11 kilometres long and as wide as two metres in parts, is Calgary's most critical water main. It runs directly from the Bearspaw treatment plant.
It's an integral part of Calgary's civic water system, transporting roughly 60 per cent of the city's treated water supply, while Glenmore is responsible for the other 40 per cent.
Because the Bearspaw south feeder main suffered a catastrophic break on June 5, Calgary's water system has had to shift so that Glenmore — the older, smaller water treatment plant — is left to carry more of the water load. The city says it has ordered spare parts for that plant, and is doing everything it can to insulate it against experiencing mechanical failures.
According to Stadnyk, that plant isn't designed to serve all of Calgary alone like it is right now, which is why Calgary's treated water supply is at risk.
She also says a certain pressure must be maintained within the water system in order to distribute water across the city.
"The whole system works based on pressure. Because we have about 300 metres of elevation change across the city, the lower elevation you are, the higher the pressure, and so the easier it is to deliver the water to you," she said Thursday.
For Stadnyk, the unsettling idea that taps in Calgary homes could run dry doesn't feel like hyperbole.
"We could get to a point if those reserves get low enough where there's just not enough pressure to deliver to every part of the system, in which case people will see that they'll turn on their taps and no water will come out," she said.
"I don't want people panicking, thinking that they're not going to have access to drinking water,… it's just that we might not get it delivered through our pipes in our house the way that we're used to."
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As water worries rise, Calgary is still weeks away from any sort of resolution. And Stadnyk believes Calgarians aren't taking these concerns as seriously as they should.
"What people are forgetting is that this isn't an exact science either, because we can't predict how many fires will be in the city," she said.
"If it's your house that's on fire, of course you want the fire trucks to show up and be able to fight that fire. And that's why it's so critical that we maintain a minimum level and a minimum pressure within the system."
During one of the regular press conferences being held at the Emergency Operations Centre, the mayor echoed Stadnyk's concerns, offering what feels like a bleak message about the city's ongoing water supply issues.
"We are at a place where we don't have enough of a cushion for emergencies. Those emergencies include use in hospitals and in firefighting," Gondek said on Thursday morning.
"I want you to think about a fire truck pulling up facing a serious situation. They hook up to the hydrant, and dribbles of water come out. This could be a reality if we don't start conserving more water."
Fire department has backup plans
While Calgary remains under a citywide fire ban, the Calgary Fire Department (CFD) has developed contingency plans to continue responding to fires amidst the water shortage.
"[We] can draft or lift water from static water locations, including rivers, which have been determined and mapped in every district of the city," Chief Steve Dongworth told the media on Friday. "From these drafting locations, crews can either shuttle water the to the fire location or relay pump, which is a series of fire engines connected by hose from the static water location through high volume hoses to the fire."
Dongworth explained the CFD works closely with the city's water services department year-round to ensure there is adequate delivery through fire hydrants.
"Hydrant supply has been sufficient to extinguish fire emergencies over the past week," reads an email statement sent to CBC News on Thursday night. "Water services is providing up-to-date hydrant reliability maps to fire daily throughout this event."
The CFD says that, should hydrant supply become unavailable, it would follow these steps:
- Every fire engine has a tank supply of 2,500 litres of water.
- CFD has four water trucks that carry 7,000 to 11,000 litres of water drawn from static stations strategically throughout the city.
Calgary's firefighters won't be left to fend for themselves should the situation worsen further, either. That's because Alberta's provincial government has developed a mutual aid agreement with the city.
The statement from the CFD also outlined what this additional support from the provincial government would look like — forestry helicopters and water bombers on standby to respond to any large fire events that the city may be left to deal with.
In a statement to CBC News, Ministry of Forestry and Parks press secretary Pam Davidson said that government officials are meeting regularly with the city to provide support.
City doesn't want to be 'the big, bad wolf'
Calgary's supply also feeds the water needs of a few other municipalities, many of which have also enacted water restrictions.
All of this feels like the city and its regional partners could be in dire straits should this impact to our water supply continue. However, another water infrastructure expert isn't so sure it would ever come to that.
"They don't want to have to be the big, bad wolf in this case. They really want the city to come together and [conserve water] on their own," said Kerry Black, an assistant professor and Canada Research Chair with the Schulich School of Engineering in the department of civil engineering.
Black believes the message that we will run out of water is more of an indication that the city will need to step in.
"It's not a question of you're going to turn your tap on and the water's not going to run, because that's not the way in which Canadians manage their water typically," Black told CBC News.
"But it is going to be a question of what other measures are going to need to be put in place."
As it stands, Black says the city has been flexible with water restrictions, and they've been asking nicely for citizens to reduce their water consumption. Calgary has only imposed Stage 4 water restrictions, which means outdoor watering is prohibited, meanwhile residents are only being asked to limit their indoor use.
This is because the system currently has a supply versus demand challenge that is at risk of being thrown out of balance, says Black.
"When they say 'run out,' it's because typically when we look at reservoir storage, we don't like to see it go below that one-third level. At that point, it triggers a very different conversation," she said.
"There really is no option to get to a place where there's nothing left in the reservoir and there's nothing left for emergency purposes. They will have different steps that the city will take in advance of that."
The city is considering indoor water restrictions if Calgarians don't use less.
What are businesses doing?
Officials are also reaching out to some businesses to ask them to stop operations that need water.
"If we need to, the city has the ability to turn off water to a business if they are not complying with that ask," said Nancy Mackay, Calgary's water services director. "This would be a last resort, and one we are prepared to take if need be."
Many people have been quick to blame businesses like car washes, but the mayor says roughly 85 per cent of them recycle water. The city also uses non-potable water for golf courses, and watering trees.
Rain is also in the forecast for Calgary this weekend, with Gondek reminding people this is an opportunity to catch and save water — even in kiddie pools — for use around their yards. She's also urging Calgarians not to collect water from the river for safety reasons, which many have been doing for their gardens, and instead use rain barrels over the weekend to collect rain water.
When asked if officials could clarify what the city will do to make sure everyone has access to clean drinking water and to maintain the cushion for life-saving water needs, a spokesperson for the City of Calgary sent this email response to CBC News on Thursday afternoon.
"As we do with all emergencies, the city explores and develops contingency plans. Unfortunately, I am unable to get more information regarding hospitals, etc., for you at the moment."
The statement did not clarify what the contingency plans are, but in an interview with CBC News on Friday evening, Gondek said they'd have to consider their options.
"That's why I'm asking Calgarians right now to make sure that we avoid that at all costs. We would have to find ways to truck water," she told CBC Calgary News at 6 host Rob Brown.
"We would have to find some other solution. I know there's contingency plans. I haven't heard what they are yet, but right now, curbing our use is the best way to move forward."
The impact on hospitals
As for Calgary hospitals, in an email statement to CBC News, a spokesperson for Alberta Health Services (AHS) said they continue to have adequate water supply at all acute-care sites.
"We have plans in place to manage situations like this, which ensure patients continue to get the care they need. We are not having to postpone surgeries at this time," reads the statement issued Thursday.
"AHS has stockpiles of water as part of our overall loss-of-water contingency plan, and have had discussions with the Calgary Fire Department regarding the use of water tankers to connect to and support fire suppression systems as a contingency. This is not required at this time."
The spokesperson for AHS declined to elaborate on where these stockpiles are or what the details of its contingency plan would look like in practice.
Individuals responsible for majority of demand
Both water experts interviewed for this story agreed that the need to conserve water remains urgent.
To help people visualize why cutting back on consumption is necessary, Black described the water usage dilemma using the analogy of traffic gridlock on a major highway.
"When a main water feeder line breaks, we have a different relationship [with our water]. Now, it's one that we have to rely on different networks of roadways," Black said, adding that Calgary has over 15,000 kilometres of underground pipe.
"Right now, we're using more than what we can get to the homes. And so essentially, I've got too many cars on the road and when I have too many cars on the road, we're going to come to a standstill, that's what they're trying to avoid."
The average water use in Calgary was approximately 350 litres per person per day in 2023, according to the city's website.
Currently, businesses make up about 35 per cent of the total water demand, with residents making up the other two-thirds, according to Mayor Gondek, which is why city officials are directing their plea to Calgarians every day.
But as people's ability and desire to keep up these water conservation efforts wane, the city's messaging continues to increase in severity.
Clarifications
- An earlier version of this story said fixing the pipe would take three to five weeks. It's been amended to make clear that the repair time refers to the time required to address all issues associated with that stretch of pipe, including five additional "hot spots" of concern.Jun 18, 2024 11:11 AM MT
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With files from Helen Pike and Scott Dippel